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THE FRENCH SUCCESSION: THE
RENUNCIATIONS OF 1712, THE TREATIES OF UTRECHT AND THEIR AFTERMATH IN
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
The Failed Restoration of 1873
The Comte de Chambord has been generally blamed for stubbornly refusing to accept the
tricolore, and thereby throwing away the last chance of a restoration.
This judgment is not
supported by the facts, however, as it would seem to have been plotting by a
small number among the Orleanists, hoping to provoke the
abdication of the Comte de
Chambord in favour of the Comte de Paris (with or without the latter’s knowledge), which led to the
Comte de Chambord giving
up the crown.
The issue of what the Comte de Chambord intended with the reconciliation with the Comte de Paris is also not entirely clear. Orleanists argue that Chambord’s
intention was to recognize the Comte de Paris as his eventual
heir, but the direct evidence of the time is slight. One quotation was recorded by the Marquis
de Flers on the 5th March 1873, when the Ct de Paris had his second meeting
with the Comte de Chambord after stating that he and the Comte de Chambord
had political differences, to which Chambord replied: « Croyez, mon
cousin, que je trouve tout naturel que vous conserviez les opinions politiques
dans lesquelles
vous avez été élevé; l’héritier du trône peut avoir ses idées comme le roi a les siennes. »
The request by the Comte de Paris to be received at Frohsdorf was received well by the Comte de Chambord, but on strict terms: « Les intérêts les plus chers de la France exigent d’une manière impérieuse que la visite faite, dans la situation présente, par S.A.R. le Comte de Paris à M. le Comte de Chambord, ne puisse donner lieu à aucune interprétation erronée ; M. le Comte de Chambord demande que M. le Comte de Paris déclare qu’il ne vient pas seulement saluer le chef de la Maison de Bourbon, mais bien reconnaître le principe dont M. le Comte de Chambord est le représentant, avec l’intention de reprendre sa place dans la
famille. Frohsdorf, le 3 août 1873. »
The Count of Paris replied that « Je désire porter le plus tôt possible mes respectueux hommages au chef de ma famille. »
This was not enough for the Count of Chambord, however, who asked for « une signification plus accentuée, les relations de famille ne pouvant être utilement
renouées qu’avec la reconnaissance du principe dont il est le représentant. »
The Count of Paris then declared : « Mon
grand-père a brisé l’anneau ; je veux renouer la chaîne des traditions. J’ai certaines idées, mon cousin a les
siennes. Les miennes sont personnelles. Ce n’est que par un accord avec la
nation qu’il peut faire prévaloir ou modifier les siennes ; je n’ai pas plus à
les examiner qu’il ne aurait me demander d’abdiquer les miennes. »
His written declaration then stated : « M. le Comte de Paris pense, comme M. le
Comte de Chambord, qu’il faut que la visite projetée ne donne lieu à aucune
interprétation erronée. Il est prêt, en abordant M. le Comte de Chambord, à lui
déclarer que son intention n’est pas seulement de saluer le chef de la Maison de
Bourbon mais de reconnaître le principe dont M. le Comte de Chambord est le
représentant. Il souhaite que la France cherche son salut dans le retour à ce
principe et vient auprès de M. le Comte de Chambord pour lui donner l’assurance
qu’il ne rencontrera aucun compétiteur parmi les membres de sa famille. »
The famous meeting then took place on the 5th August, at which the Comte de
Chambord made his remark about the political opinions of the Comte de Paris. The
statement following, however, stated clearly that there had been no discussion
regarding the circumstances that would lead to a monarchical restoration, which
would be in the exclusive competence of the National Assembly. “Mais il est
établi par cette visite que les princes d’Orléans ne seront plus un obstacle à
la réconciliation de la France et du prince qui représente la monarchie
traditionnelle. »
The drapeau blanc was not the real obstacle that prevented the Comte de Chambord from returning.
The constitutional problem was
in reality the interpretation of the powers of the King, which if there was an
immediate confrontation with the Assembly, would have
led to a constitutional
crisis; but it was the evident political divisions among the royalists that
prevented a compromise from being found. This compromise
could have worked,
because the Comte de Chambord understood that the army would not accept the
abandonment of the tricolore and any proposal to re-establish the drapeau blanc
would likely have been postponed, at least until the new King had found a way to
persuade the army to accept some workable solution.
This compromise, however,
was eventually sabotaged at the last minute by the Orleanists Vicomte
d’Haussonville and Duc Decazes (the latter through
an agent, a M. Savaray).
Their hope was that their actions would provoke the Comte de Chambord to
abdicate in favor of the Comte de Paris; indeed,
apparently Haussonville stated
that he would prefer a republic to the return of Chambord.
The Comte de Chambord was persuaded to accept the
following compromise by M. Charles Chesnelong, who was sent to see him on behalf
of the monarchist deputies and who sought a solution acceptable to the right and
the center who made up the majority in the Assembly (14 October 1873). These
were:
(1) « M. le Comte de Chambord ne demande pas que rien soit change au drapeau
national avant qu’il ait pris possession du pouvoir. »
Chambord’s reply : « Soit ! J’accepte cela. Je ne demande pas que l’assemblée
prenne l’initiative d’un changement dans le drapeau et je n’ai pas l’intention
de prendre moi-même avant d’être monté sur le trône. Je n’ai donc aucune
objection à ce que vous disiez, en mon nom, que je ne demande pas que rien soit
changé du drapeau avant que j’aie pris possession du pouvoir.
(2) « Monseigneur se réserve de présenter au pays, à l’heure qu’il jugera
convenable, et se fait fort d’obtenir de lui, pas ses représentants, une
solution compatible avec son honneur et qu’il croit de nature à satisfaire
l’assemblée et la nation. »
Chambord replied « J’accepte que la seconde déclaration que vous ferez en mon
nom, soit formulée ainsi que vous venez de le dire. »
(3) « M. le Comte de Chambord accepte que la question du drapeau, après avoir
été posée par le roi, soit résolue avec l’accord du Roi et de l’Assemblée. »
This was not quite so easy for the Comte de Chambord, because it allowed for the
possibility that the assembly would reject any change, even though Chesnelong
considered it in effect dependent upon the 2nd and not in conflict with it.
Chambord’s reply to this condition (« J’entends bien présentert la solution à
l’Assemblée. ») was not exactly what Chesnelong wanted, but he considered that
it was a natural extension of the 2nd, and therefore that there was no conflict.
However, when these terms and his responses were written down, the Comte de
Chambord hesitated, saying to Blacas that « La troisième me met trop à la merci
de l’assemblée; je vous demande de la supprimer. » Chambord therefore requested
that Chesnelong not include the third condition and Chesnelong left for Paris.
So confident was the Comte de Chambord that this would be accepted that he asked
Chesnelong to convey to the duc de Broglie that he would confirm him as first
minister. Chiappe suggests that what the Comte de Chambord was hoping to do, in
the event that the National Assembly refused, was to dissolve the assembly and
put the question to the people – a very Bonapartist solution; but the proposed
powers of the King would not in fact have included the power to dissolve the
assembly.
Chambord was not the ultra-reactionary he has been portrayed, as he had earlier
made it clear (19 September 1873) that he rejected the « fantôme de la dîme, des
droits féodaux, de l’intolérance religieuse, de la persécution contre nos frères
séparés… [and that he rejected the]… gouvernement des prêtres, de la
prédominance des classes privilégiées », the very allegations against him made
by the republicans led by Gambetta and Thiers. He considered himself above
party, but that his act of reconciliation with the Comte de Paris had been « de
rendre à la France son rang, et dans les plus chers intérêts de sa prospérité,
de sa gloire et de sa grandeur. »
Nonetheless he did not fully comprehend the reality of the divisions between the
differing groups which, on some or other terms, were prepared to support the
restoration. Perhaps this was why, on 14th October, he did not receive the
deputies who had accompanied Chesnelong. The position of the Church was also
uncertain; some, on the extreme right, vigorously demanded that the Comte de
Chambord reject the tricolore because it symbolized the sovereignty of the
people; yet the Pope, in an audience accorded to the royalist deputy Keller said
« La couleur du pavillon n’a pas une grande importance.
C’est avec le drapeau
tricolore que les Français m’avaient rétabli à Rome. Vous voyez qu’avec ce
drapeau on peut faire de bonne choses, mais M. le Comte de Chambord n’a pa voulu
me croire. »
The solution offered by Chesnelong was immediately subject to debate; duc
d’Audiffret-Pasquier, leader of the center right and an Orléanist, was concerned
that if the King’s proposal was rejected there would be an immediate crisis
following the restoration. The army had made it clear that it would accept
nothing less than the tricolore; some among the Orléanists were hoping for a
solution that would provoke the speedy abdication of the Comte de Chambord in
favor of the Comte de Paris, who would have immediately compromised on this
question. Orleanist historians
consider that the Comte de Paris was ignorant of these
maneuverings, but he was certainly privy to the distribution of large sums to
the deputies – estimated at between six and forty million francs to try and
persuade them to accept the compromise proposed by Chesnelong. Chesnelong
introduced the two clauses to which the Comte de Chambord had agreed to the
Assembly in a passionate speech on 18th October that was received with a
standing ovation. He made it clear that these two declarations were all he had
been charged to transmit, stating that « Le prince n’usera de son initiative
qu’après avoir pris possession du pouvoir; … mais usera-t-il de son initiative
après son élévation au trône? J’en suis convaincu. Sera-ce dès le lendemain de
son avènement ou plus tard? Je l’ignore. Quelle solution présentera-t-il ? Il ne
me l’a pas indiqué. Voilà tout ce que je puis dire. » A text was then proposed
by Audiffret-Pasquier that was voted on and passed by a large majority : «
D’après ces propositions, la monarchie serait rétablie, toutes les libertés
civiles, politiques et religieuses qui constituent le droit public de la France
seraient garanties ; le drapeau tricolore serait maintenu et des modifications
ne pourraient y être accordées, l’initiative royale restant d’ailleurs intacte,
que par l’accord du Roi et de la représentation nationale ; les réunions que ces
bureaux représentent seront immédiatement convoquées. »
Unfortunately there still need to be a clear accord between the right and center
right, and it was this that was deliberately sabotaged by the ardent Orléanists
Decazes and Haussonville. Haussonville and Decazes’ protégé Savaray were
secretaries of the session of the center right, and the former now used his
office to alter the terms agreed by Chesnelong, who had stated that: « le Roi
est dispose par avance à la plus complète harmonie de sentiments avec la
majorité royaliste » to « à la plus complète harmonie avec les membres les plus
libéraux de l’Assemblée et du pays, » and « solution compatible avec son honneur
et transaction compatible avec son honneur. » Savary made an even more egregious
change, altering the words reported as having been said by the Comte de Chambord
to Chesnelong from “L’accord est complet entre le Comte de Chambord et la
majorité royaliste sur les questions constitutionnelles” to “L’accord était donc
complet, absolu, entre les idées de M. le Comte de Chambord et de la France
libérale,” words that could never possibly have been used by the unfortunate
prince at Frohsdorf. These wordings were then communicated to the press, and of
course immediately were drawn to the attention of the Comte de Chambord, in
Austria.
The Orleanists
argue that it was « incontestable [that] le chef de la branche
cadette apparaît trop subtil et trop honnêtye pour tremper dans de semblables
intrigues. » This may have been the case, but it is hard to understand why he
did not then immediately disassociate himself from them, or order Decazes and
Haussonville, both close friends and advisers, to withdraw them and record the
actual agreed wording. Certainly Decazes and Haussonville hoped that the Comte
de Chambord would now abdicate to the Comte de Paris and thus effect the
Orléanist restoration that they had always sought; the Comte de Paris himself
said nothing in the face of this disastrous blow to reconciliation and
restoration. Whether Audiffret-Pasquier was privy to these intrigues is
uncertain, his apologists assert that he tried to stop the reports of these
deliberations form being published, but was too late.
The Comte de Chambord was now faced with a fateful choice and, fully conscious
of the reality of the political divisions even among the monarchists, despite
his gesture to the Comte de Paris, decided to reject the uncertain compromise.
His letter was transmitted directly to Chesnelong but he insured that a copy
arrived at the same moment with the publication Union. After complimenting the
deputy for his efforts, it continued: « On me demande aujourd’hui le sacrifice
de mon honneur. Que puis-je répondre ? Sinon que je ne rétracte rien, que je ne
retranche rien de mes précédentes déclarations. Les prétentions de la veille me
donnent la mesure des exigences du lendemain et je ne puis consentir à
inaugurer un règne réparateur et fort par un acte de faiblesse. » Did he know
this would mean the end of his hopes and that of all French monarchists ? It
would seem not as he still proceeded with his plan to return to France. The
newspapers realized it, however, those on the right and center justly portraying
this as an act of honour ; Le Gaulois commented « Il a préféré le suicide au
déshonneur. La France aura pour lui
le respect commandé par une si noble
attitude; » L’Ordre « Le prince est sorti avec honneur et dignité de l’intrigue
dans laquelle on l’avait indiscrètement mêlé. Des honneurs tels que lui peuvent
se passer de la couronne ; » Le Pays, « Cette lettre enlève à la France un roi,
mais lui laisser un honnête homme. » No such generous sentiments were expressed
by the journals of the left, all of which ridiculed the Comte de Chambord; sadly
it is the memory of the supposedly obstinate reactionary that remains the
general view.
Chambord arrived in France on 5th November, going straight to Versailles, where
he took up residence appropriately in the rue Saint Louis. He now sought a
meeting with the president, the duc de Magenta, whose wife was a devoted
legitimist. Chambord hoped that an accidental meeting could be arranged, and
Comte Stanislas de Blacas, his aide, suggested this to the Maréchale Duchesse de
Magenta, who thought it impossible but that Monseigneur could pay a call on the
President. This Chambord and his advisers did not consider appropriate for the
future King. Blacas now went to see the President himself, and asked him to
present the Comte de Chambord to the National Assembly, but Magenta could not
oblige and was nervous of the reaction of the army. When informed of his
response Chambord remarked: « je croyais avoir affaire à un connétable de
France, je n’ai trouve qu’un capitaine de gendarmerie. » He had been ready; the
uniform of a Lieutenant-General with the Grand Cordon of the Legion d’Honneur,
with the center of the star with the fleurs de lys rather than the Henri IV of
the restoration, instead of the more ancient régime Saint Esprit, was laid out;
but the call did not come. Nonetheless the projected restoration still went to
the vote but failed by 378 to 310 votes; the republic was preserved and MacMahon
assured the presidency until 20 November 1880. Chambord now left France for
Austria; he did not want to live there if he could not reign.
There was still hope for a restoration, but the legitimists could not agree to
establish the Comte de Paris as King, as Haussonville and Decazes had hoped. The
government was still heavily inclined towards the monarchy; the prime minister
was still the duc de Broglie, while duc Decazes was given foreign affairs. The
duc de la Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia, deputy, but also Ambassador in London,
proposed a new law by which « (1) le gouvernment de la France est la monarchie;
le trône appartient au chef de la Maison de France; (2) le maréchal de Mac-Mahon
[duc de Magenta] prend le titre de lieutenant général du royaume ; (3) les
institutions politiques de la France seront réglées par l’accord du Roi et de la
représentation nationale. » This failed to obtain a majority and was the last
serious attempt to re-establish the monarchy in the Assembly.
In the winter of 1874 the former Queen of Spain, Isabel II, now living in
Parisian exile, arrived in Vienna and received
Chambord’s representative, to whom she made the astonishing suggestion that the
Comte should adopt the Prince Imperial as his heir, criticizing the “tentative
de fusion, c’est gravir les marches du trône pour en ouvrir le chemin aux
princes d’Orléans”. To the surprise of his representative, M. de Monti, the
Comte de Chambord far from being scandalized by this suggestion responded: “Cela
pourrait sans doute faire le bonheur de la France, et, tout en gardant ma
dignité, je pourrais un jour faire passer l’héritage de mes pères en des mains
jeunes où s’ailleraient deux conceptions qui s’entrenchoquent encore. Mais je
suis trop vieux et on ne me comprendrait pas. » Does this suggest that the Comte
de Chambord’s familial reconciliation was merely familial, and only political to
the extent that it served the interests of the monarchy at the moment ? Did he
perhaps now consider that as the last of his line, the dynastic position of his
successor was of less importance than effective government? Chambord was in fact
on excellent personal terms with the
Empress Eugènie, a legitimist at heart,
while he was himself fascinated with Bonaparte’s military glory. When the Prince
Imperial was killed, in 1878, Chambord sent his mother an emotional letter of
condolence, professing his admiration for a brave young Frenchman.
Somewhat surprisingly the Orléanists paid little further heed to the exile at
Frohsdorf and the Comte de Paris himself took the reconciliation no further,
only meeting once more with the Comte de Chambord when he was on his death-bed.
Was this failure simply a recognition that there was to be no further political
gain? After 1881 there was a legitimate excuse, as the government had threatened
to close the border to the Orléans princes and had expelled them from the army,
but for the seven years after Chambord left France it is hard to understand why
there was no contact. When they did come the Comte de Chambord was immediately
forgiving, welcoming the Comte de Paris and the ducs de Nemours and Alençon,
embracing them and even placing the Comte de Paris’ head upon his heart. It was
a short interview, just seventeen minutes, ending with the Comte de Chambord
taking the hand of the Comte de Paris and saying: « Quand vous rentres en
France, dites bien à tous que c’est pour ma chère France qu’il faut prier et non
pour moi. Mon seul regret est de n’avoir pu la servir et mourir pour elle comme
l’a toujours désiré mon Coeur. Soyez plus heureux que moi, c’est tout ce que je
désire. » Just before they left, the duc d’Alençon took the dying man’s hand,
saying « Vous êtes mon roi et je voudrais mourir pour vous… » Those among the
legitimists who supported the claims of the Orléans blamed the Comtesse de
Chambord for the poor relations between her husband and the princes of the cadet
branch during his last years; they ascribed considerable influence to her as
well as antagonism to their line.
In France legitimist sentiments were still strong; fifteen steamers had been
rented, each with a thousand royalists, to celebrate the feast of Saint Henri on
the 15th July, in Brighton (was this because it was the residence of the Comte
de Montemolin, future head of the House of Bourbon?), but the celebrations were
cancelled because of the grave health of their prince. Chambord continued to
rest, his strength gradually dissipating until 23rd August when, in the presence
of his wife, the Countess of Bardi (wife of the duke of Parma’s brother and a
sister of Francis II of the Two Sicilies), the duchess of Madrid (daughter of
Chambord’s sister, the dowager duchess of Parma), and the grand duchess of
Tuscany (half-sister of the Duchess of Berry, Chambord’s mother), he received
the Last Rites of the Church. Also present in the castle were his half-brother,
the duca della Grazia, his aide the Comte de Monti and his wife, the Marquis de
Foresta, Général de Charette (his half-nephew through his father’s relationship
with Amy Brown) and MM. de Chevigné, de Raincourt, d’Andigné. De
Champeaux-Verneuil and Joseph du Bourg, most of whom were later to rally to the
duke of Madrid. After repeating the word “France” several times, M. le Comte de
Chambord passed away oat 7.27 a.m. on the morning of the 24th August, 1883.
The Comtesse de Chambord announced that the funeral would be “private” and
turned over responsibility for organizing the protocol to Emmanuel Bocher and
Comte Stanislas de Blacas. After the representative of the Emperor Franz Joseph,
the Archduke Ludwig-Karl, the first three places were reserved for the Duke of
Madrid, the Duke of Parma and the Count of Bardi, with Francis II, King of the
Two Sicilies, seated immediately behind them. The Comte de Paris attended,
accepting that this was a”family” occasion but informing his supporters that the
second funeral mass, in the cathedral at Goritz, would be the “official”
ceremony at which he would preside. He then issued a statement, distributed to
the sovereigns of Europe: « Sire, j’ai la douleur de vous fair part de la perte
cruelle que la Maison de France vient d’éprouver dans la personne de son chef,
Monseigneru Henri Charles Ferdinand Dieudonné d’Artois, duc de Bordeaux, Comte
de Chambord, décédé à Frohsdorf, le 24 août 1884. Je prie Votre Majesté de
vouloir bien accorder dans cette circonstances à la Maison de France sa haute
sympathie. Philippe, Comte de Paris. » This was a curious form of words ; in his
lifetime Chambord had been referred to by his supporters – Blacas, for example,
when he met with Maréchal Mac-Mahon - as « Roi » and « Henri V » ; now he was
restored to the surname « Artois » and the title of Duc de Bordeaux that he had
not used for thirty-seven years ; the Comte de Paris himself meanwhile dropped
the name « Louis », given him in honor of his grandfather, for the single name «
Philippe ».
The second, larger funeral service took place in the Cathedral at Goritz; this
time the Emperor was represented by the Prince of Thurn und Taxis. The issue of
precedence again arose, and now the Comte de Mun asked the Comte de Chambord’s
confessor, Fr Boll, to explain to the dukes of Madrid and Parma that they were
wrong in their view of the placement and that the Comte de Paris should take
first place. To Mun’s evident surprise, Fr Boll replied, that no, on the
contrary, the Comte de Paris has no right to be placed first, neither right of
family nor by inheritance. The priest continued: « Vous n’avez aucune raison de
soutenir le Comte de Paris; il n’a pas le droit pour lui. Les legitimistes
d’aujourd’hui ont oublié cela ; il y a cinquante ans, on le disait tout haut ;
M. de Genoude, M. Coquille, plus tard, ont publiquement soutenu cette thèse
historique. En 1791, à l’Assemblée constituante, Mirabeau, lui-même, a déclaré
qu’il fallait réserver les droits éventuels de la branche d’Espagne. Le traité
d’Utrecht a imposé la renonciation à qui ? au roi d’Espagne. Don Carlos est liér
à cette clause parce qu’il a revendiqué ses droits, qu’il a faiut acte de
prétendance. Son père, don Juan, peut être considéré comme lié aussi, parce
qu’il les a fait valoir autrefois ; son fils également parce qu’ils est son
héritier. Mais son frère Alphonse [later Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime, last
Carlist claimant] n’est pas lié et c ;est là qu’est l’hérédité. » Poor Mun tried
to insist, that everyone knew the Comte de Paris, no-one knew of this Alphonse,
and indeed those monarchists who supported the claim of the senior line did not
support him, but his father, don Juan. It was don Juan who now presided at the
funeral at Goritz; the Orléans, unable to take the place they considered theirs,
declined to attend.
The Comte de Chambord in his will of 5 July 1883 had named his nephew the duke
of Parma his universal heir, with the reserve for the enjoyment first of his
widow, with many individual legacies to other family members, including the duke
of Madrid, who was bequeathed the collars of the Orders. It was alleged by the
Orléanists that he left another, political testament, but no trace or evidence
of this has ever appeared. Chiappe asserts that he never sustained the rights of
the Spanish Bourbons, there is not much evidence that after the failure of the
compromise of 1873 that he had any intention of supporting the claims of the
Orléans either. Immediately following his death, on 26th August, all the
legitimist organizations were dissolved; was this to hinder the Comte de Paris
(which it certainly did)? Although this happened 120-130 years ago, it somehow
seems a more distant memory; for most all possibilities for the Bourbons ended
in 1830. There was still one attendant working at Frohsdorf in the 1960s whose
parents had served the Comte de Chambord; the duke of San Jaime died in 1936,
but his political heir as Carlist claimant, Prince François-Xavier de
Bourbon-Parme did not die until the late 1970s – he had known well the last duke
of Madrid. The château of Chambord, where a floor collapsed this last weekend as
a result of subsidence due to the drought and some thirty were injured, remains
an historic relic of this last hope for restoration – there are many paintings
and objects connected with the Comte de Chambord on view. Its last owner was
Elie, Duke of Parma, who sold the castle, contents and park to the French state.
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